Rabu, 20 Juli 2011

Science_Smalan

What is modern science

    

    Science has been defined in many ways. But look at this working definition


 

Science is the system of knowing about the universe through data collected by observation and controlled experimentation.


 

    If you reread this definition of science, you will see there major element; process ( or method) products, and human attitude. Element of science can be visualized in this way


 

  1. Process or method certain ways of investigating problem, observing for example, making hypothesis, designing and carry out experiments, evaluating data, measuring and so on
  2. Product ; fact, principle, laws, theory
  3. Human attitude: for example suspending judgement until enough data have been collected


 

Now to explain what is the meaning:

  1. Laws, theory, principle, and fact?

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  2. What is scientific method? Step of Science method

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    The true test of theory in science is threefold:

    1. Its ability to explain what has been observed
    2. It ability to predict what has not yet been observed, and
    3. Its ability to be tested further experimentation and to be modified as required by acquisition data

Some people think that once scientists are aware of problem, all they have to do is apply the scientific method. Then by some mysterious process, their answers come pouring forth. This common misconception stems from our memorization, usually in high school or college science, of the scientific method:

  1. State problem
  2. Suggest hypotheses.
  3. Experiment
  4. Observe
  5. Collect and analysis data
  6. Reexperiment to verify data
  7. Draw conclusion from data.


     


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 

BIOLOGY


 

    Within the field of science, there are many branches. Biology is the branch of science that deals with living thing and their surrounding. Scientist who work in the field of biology are called biologist. Their research involves explaining how living things grow, reproduce, respond to their surroundings, and use energy. Sometimes we are tempted to define biology in term of those finding. But biology as science is process not a product


 

Science is not just research. It can be, and is, useful in daily life. Applying of knowledge gathered through scientific study is called technology. For example, modern medicine applies the finding of scientist to prevention and treatment of illness. In many cases, scientist and the technician work hand in hand as they investigate unknown.


 

New scientific instrument and computers are making it easier for biologist to study the mysteries of life. One study is the structure of gene. Gene are made of DNA, which is a code that tells the cell which protein to make. Now gene can made within a few hours by a new machine called a DNA synthesizer. Computerized microscope and video system used with fluorescent dyes and laser allow scientist to look into living cells. Computerized technology helps scientist make more accurate measurement, analyze data more thoroughly, and solve many problem in life science.

Explain the another technology that can make biologist work better.

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Element Of Biology


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 

    


 

Biology can divided into a number of areas. Some of these division may be seen in figure above.

Botany is the study of plant, zoology the study of animal. Smaller areas might include the study of single groups within these division. For example, one might be interest in studying only insect, bacteria viruses, or mosses.

    Scientist often specialize in narrow areas of study. For example some biologist may limit their scope of study taxonomy, the study of how organisms are grouped or classified. Physiology, how an organisms carries on its life activities, may be the focus for other zoologist. Still other may find that morphology, the study of the structure of living things is more their liking.


 

The organization of materials

    It was decided that the best mechanism for arranging the content was levels of biological organization. There are seven levels of the biological organization.

  1. The molecular level.

    Here the student encounters such matter as how simple sugars form more complex ones; how the oxidation of simple sugars release energy; the action of enzymes and their consequences for cellular metabolism; the unique chemical bond energy within the biological system; materials transfer within cell; the process of photosynthesis; the hydrogen and carbon pathway of respiration; the control of cell activities by nucleic acid; and the chemical nature of the hereditary code.

  2. The cellular level.

    Here students are concerned with the organelles of cell such as the mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, membranes, and chloroplast; how the cell multiply by mitosis and cell division; and how germ cell development is affected by meiosis.

  3. The organ and tissue level

    The classical cell-tissue-organ-system progression is presented here, including all organismic system such as transport system, nervous system, and endocrine system, as well as the roots, stems, and leaves, as organ of plant. And the heart, kidney, and brain as organs of human beings. All such content traditionally had been expanded to form the bulk of secondary biology course.

  4. The organism level

    Here the focus is on the complete functioning organism and on the limits imposed upon it by its various systems. Organismic behavior and interaction are an integral part of this level; so, too, are genetic continuity, reproduction, energy utilization, and the unifying systems of of organism in general.

  5. The population level

    Here student learn about the concept of population and how to sample various population; population growth and is relation to food; maintenance of population balance; competition among population; population changes and population problem.

  6. The community level

    The relevant topic here include the structure of a community; the dominant species in a community; community relationships; food chains dan food web; interaction of the living parts of the community with the physical environment

  7. The world biome level.

    This level includes The biotic and abiotic relationship of ecosystem; the relationship of different ecosystems to to the biosphere;continuity in time;and people's place in the biosphere.

THE MAJOR THEMES OF BIOLOGY


 

  1. Change of living things through time : evolution

    Because evolution form the warp and woof of modern biology, it is no longer possible to give a complete or even a coherent account of living thing without discussing evolution. The theory of evolution is as basic to biology as the atomic is to chemistry and physics, and for identical reason. The study of evolution permit biologist to make good sense and to bring order out of similarities and differences among living things. Everywhere the biologist sees the action and consequences of natural selection; of the reproductive isolation of populations; of the effect of size and chance on interbreeding groups. The study of evolution detail of history of organisms, the sequence of unique event in the past from which the biological present originated. The actualities of evolution selected from the many potentialities provide evidence of the selective forces at work and the raw materials on which these forces acted. With a knowledge of evolutionary processes, we have already made great progress in controlling changes in the animals, plant, and protest on which human being depend.

    Besides being an historical event, evolution is a present phenomenon. Not only have we identified the site of hereditary information and the structure of the DNA code, but we are t the threshold of creating new life forms. The concept of genetic engineering poses problems of such great magnitude.

    Unfortunately many biologist explain the scientific method as a three stage process: first stage of complete doubt called hypothesis, a second stage of uncertainty called theory, and third stage of certainty called fact or principle. Evolution is a theory in that sense, a body of interrelated facts. As new fact re discovered, theory may change in its basic organization, but that does not mean that the present organization is unsound

  2. Diversity of type and unity of pattern in living things

    This theme is related to the theme of evolution, because the diversity of living forms and their daptation to widely differing environmental condition are due to evolution. Cutting across those diversities is a unity of pattern extending form the universal role of ATP as a vehicle for energy transfer among all living things through universality of DNA and RNA as the materials of heredity control. Unity is represented by the role of sugar as the common fuel of life processes, the commonality mitosis in cell division among organism, and the similarity of pattern among the limbs of different vertebrates. Unity is everywhere apparent – and within the wide diversity of living organisms that are evolution's variations on theme.

  3. The genetic continuity of life

    This theme too, is related to evolution, but it emphasize life as a continuing stream and germ plasm as potentially immortal as it is passed from generation to generation. Cooperation of the genetic mechanism that bring bout the creation of genetic mechanisms that bring about the creation of like form like emphasizes the unity expressed in theme two above, but the errors of genetic replication create discontinuities to which we owe the variability and diversity that are also expressed int theme two. Perturbations in the genetic message have introduced a wide variety of potential life forms on wich natural selection has acted, resulting in wide diversity within the biosphere.


     


     

  4. The complementarity of organism and environment

    Organism and environment interact at all levels of biological organization. The chromosome and the chloroplast heve their individual environments within the cell. The cell, in turn, acts on and is cted on by neighboring cell. Tissues and organisms composed of these cell have their own environments, and the individual organism exists in an environment of other organisms as well as abiotic factors. Population wax and wane response to their environment and in response to internal factors, and the population and their size affect the community and the word biome. Throughout there is a reciprocal relationship between organism and environment. An organism does not simply receive stimuli passively from the environment and respond in a stereotyped fashion. Organism modify their environment and exploid it – human being stand out as the as the foremost example. Interaction between organisms and environment is an integral theme of the living world.

  5. The biological root of behavior
  6. The complementarity of structure and function

    The complementarity means that what an organ does depend upon its structure. That is the character of an organ's subparts and the pattern in which they are arranged determine function. Conversely, if what an organ does depends upon its structure, then function can be inferred from a given structure. The complementarity of structure and function apply to all levels of biological organization.

  7. Regulation and homeostasis ; preservation of life In the face of change.

    This theme relates to the The complementarity of structure and function. That complementarity does not, how ever, account for the capacity for the capacity of the organism to adjust to change. While it is possible to deduce the function of the heart, studying the complementarity of its structure and function alone would not reveal the varying rate and amplitude of the heartbeat as demands are made by the body in response to changing environmental conditions. Nor would it reveal how the heart becomes sensitive and responsive to these demands. Such adjustments to change are related to homeostasis and regulation. Since homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, such dynamic equilibriums as the concentration of metal ion in the blood, as well as its pH and its glucose level, need to be identified. Then it would be possible to determine what mechanisms enable those equilibriums to be maintained in the face of change.

  8. Science as inquiry.

    In addition, the rhetoric of conclusion approach fails to show that the scientist are human and capable of error. Much scientific enquiry has dealt with the correction of error. A rhetoric of conclusions also fails to show that our summarizing concepts are tested by the fruitfulness of the questions they suggest, and through this testing are continually revised and replaced.

  9. The history of biological concepts

    Investigating the history of scientific concepts can play useful role in enabling student to acquire a realistic and understandable view of science and scientist. It can help to reduce extraordinarily unreal, antagonistic, and fantastic view of science and scientist that repeated studies have demonstrated

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